- Opera in 3 acts
- By Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
- Libretto: Modest Tchaikovsky, after Alexander Pushkin’s short story (1833)
- First performed: Mariinsky Theatre, St. Petersburg, Russia, 19 December (O.S. 7 December) 1890.
- Conductor: Eduard Nápravník
- Scene Designers: Vasilyev, Yanov, Levot, Ivanov, Andreyev
- Balletmaster: Marius Petipa
HERMAN | Tenor | Nikolay Figner |
COUNT TOMSKY | Baritone | Ivan Melnikov |
PRINCE YELETSKY | Baritone | Leonid Yakovlev |
CHEKALINSKY | Tenor | Vasilyev II |
SURIN | Bass | Yalmar Frey |
CHAPLITSKY | Tenor | Konstantin Kondaraki |
NARUMOV | Bass | Vladimir Sobolev |
Master of Ceremonies | Tenor | Vasily Yefimov |
COUNTESS | Mezzo | Marya Slavina |
LIZA | Soprano | Medea Mel-Figner |
POLINA | Contralto | Mariya Dolina |
Governess | Mezzo | Maria-Wilhelmina Pilz (Pilts) |
MASHA | Soprano | Yulya Yunosova |
Boy-Commander | Spoken | |
PRILEPA | Soprano | Olga Olgina |
MILOVZOR | Contralto | Nina Fridé (Friede) |
ZLATOGOR | Baritone | Aleksandr Klimov II |
Nursemaids, governesses, wet-nurses, strollers, children, gamblers | Chorus, silent roles |
SETTING: St Petersburg, Russia, close of the 18th century
The Queen of Spades shows what happens when a 30-page short story is turned into a three-hour opera.
Pushkin’s Hermann is an ambitious young German, cold-blooded and calculating, who makes love to Liza, the Countess’s put-upon poor relation, to get close to the old woman. He goes mad, while she, freed from the domineering dowager, marries a nice young man in the civil service.
Tchaikovsky’s librettist, his brother Modest, takes the story and turns it into opera. Herman becomes a Romantic hero: the sort of chap who’s driven by fate and his passion for Liza, and who swears oaths in the middle of thunderstorms. (An effective close to Act I, sc. 1.) He’s first cousin to Edgardo in Lucia di Lammermoor. And everything ends tragically.
Nearly all the best parts of the opera come from Pushkin: the opening scene; the death of the Countess; the ghost scene; and the gambling house scene. Liza’s death on the bridge is a Tchaikovsky Bros. interpolation, but it’s a gripping scene, with a memorable repeated phrase in the orchestra. This is understandable; opera traditionally needs a doomed love affair.
To bulk it up, though, the Tchaikovskys pad it to the gills. There’s more than an hour of filler: women sitting around a piano singing salon music, or society guests watching pastiche Mozart. Exciting music drama it isn’t.
Even the character bits don’t do much; Herman and Liza’s duet (Act I, sc. 2) is inert, while “Ya vas lyublyu”, one of the opera’s most famous numbers, is given to the minor rôle of Yeletsky.
As it is, my favorite Tchaikovsky opera, by a long chalk, is The Maid of Orleans.
SYNOPSIS
Act I
St. Petersburg, towards the end of the 18th century. Herman, a young soldier, is in love with Liza, the granddaughter of the old Countess – but she is a) engaged, and b) out of his league (an aristocrat).
He learns that the Countess has the secret of winning at cards (learnt from the Comte Saint-Germain, alchemist and philosopher, in Paris).
He vows to get the secret from her, and marry Liza – or die.
Act II
A ball, where Liza’s fiancé sings how much he loves her…
and Tchaikovsky writes 15 minutes of cod Mozart. Things go badly. The Countess refuses to give Herman the secret; he threatens her with a pistol, and she dies of a heart attack. Liza finds him standing over the body, gun in hand, and thinks he killed her.
Act III
The Countess’s ghost appears to Herman, and gives him the secret (“three…seven…ace”). He meets Liza by the Winter Canal; in her despair, she throws herself off the bridge.
Herman, obsessed by greed, bets on the cards – “three … seven …” Last card: The Queen of Spades. He’s lost everything, so stabs himself.
Recordings
Watch:
Bolshoi, 1983, with Vladimir Atlantov, Tamara Milashkina, Elena Obraztsova, and Yuri Mazurok, conducted by Yuri Simonov
Listen to:

Structure
Introduction
Act I
Scene 1: The Summer Garden in St. Petersburg
No. 1.
- Chorus of Children, Nurses, and Others (Хор детей, нянек и прочих): Гори, гори ясно (Gori, gori yasno)
No. 2
- Scene (Сцена): Чем кончилась вчера игра? (Chem konchilas vchera igra?)
- Herman’s Arioso (Ариозо Германа): Я имени ее не знаю (Ya imeni yeye ne znayu)
No. 3
- Chorus of Promenaders (Хор гуляющих): Наконец то бог послал нам (Nakonets to bog poslal nam)
- Scene (Сцена): А ты уверен (A ty uveren)
No. 4
- Quintet (Квинтет): Мне страшно! (Mne strashno!)
- Scene (Сцена): Графиня! (Grafina!)
No. 5
- Scene (Сцена): Какая ведьма эта графиня! (Kakaya vedma eta grafinya!)
- Tomsky’s Ballad (Баллада Томского): Однажды в Версале (Odnazhdy v Versale)
No. 6
- Closing Scene. The Storm (Заключительная сцена. Гроза): Se non è vero, è ben trovato
Scene 2: Liza’s room
No. 7
- Duet (Дуэт): Уж вечер облаков померкнули края (Uzh vecher oblakov pomerknuli kraya)
No. 8
- Scene (Сцена): Обворожительно! (Obvorozhitelno!)\
- Polina’s Romance (Романс Полины): Подруги милые (Podrugi milye)
- Russian Song with Chorus (Русская песнь с хором): Ну-ка, светик Машенька (Nu-ka, svetik Mashenka)
No. 9
- Scene (Сцена): Mesdemoiselles, что здесь у вас за шуи? (Mesdemoiselles, chto zdes u vas za shum?)
- Governess’s Arioso (Ариозо Гувернантки): Барышням вашего круга (Baryshnyam vashego kruga)
No. 10
- Closing Scene (Заключительная сцена): Пора уж расходиться (Pora uzh raskhoditsya)
- Liza’s Aria (Ариа Лизы): Откуда эти слезы, зачем оне? (Otkuda eti slezy, zachem one?)
- Herman’s Arioso (Ариозо Германа): Прости, небесное созданье (Prosti, nebesnoye sozdane)
Act II
Scene 3: A ballroom in St. Petersburg
No. 11
- Entr’acte (Антракт)
- Chorus (Хор): Радостно, весело в день сей (Radostno, veselo v den sey)
No. 12
- Scene (Сцена): Хозяин просит догорих гостей (Khozyayn prosit dogorikh gostey)
- Prince Yeletsky’s Aria (Ария Кназя Елецкого): Я вас люблю, люблю безмерно (Ya vas lyublyu, lyublyu bezmerno)
No. 13
- Scene (Сцена): Скорее бы ее увидеть и бросить эту мысль (Skoreye by yeye uvidet i brosit etu mysl)
No. 14
- Intermezzo (The Faithful Shepherdess)
- (a) Chorus of Shepherds and Shepherdesses (Хор пастухов и пастушек): Под тению густою (Pod teniyu gustoyu)
- (b) Dance of Shepherds and Shepherdesses (Sarabande)
- (c) Duet for Prilepa and Milovzor (Дуэт Прилепа и Миловзора): Мой миленький дружок (Moy milenky druzhok)
- (d) Finale (Финал): Как ты мила, прекрасна! (Kak ty mila, prekrasna!)
No. 15
- Closing Scene (Заключительная сцена): Кто пылко и страстно любя (Kto pylko i strastno lyuba)
Scene 4: The Countess’s room
No. 16
- Scene (Сцена): Все так, как мне она сказала (Vse tak, kak mne ona skazala)
- Chorus (Хор): Благодетельница наша (Blagodetelnitsa nasha)
No. 17
- Closing Scene (Заключительная сцена): Не пугайтесь! (Ne pugaytes!)
Act III
Scene 5: Herman’s quarters in the barracks
No. 18
- Entr’acte (Антракт)
- Scene (Сцена): Бедняжка! В какую пропасть я завлек ее с собою! (Bednyazhka! V kakuyu propast ya zavlek yeye s soboyu!)
No. 19
- Scene (Сцена): Мне страшно! (Mne strashno!)
Scene 6: By the Winter Canal
No. 20
- Scene (Сцена): Уж полночь близится (Uzh polnoch blizitsya)
- Liza’s Arioso (Ариозо Лизы): Ах, истомилась я горем (Akh, istomilas ya gorem)
No. 21
- Scene (Сцена): А если мне в ответ часы пробьют (A yesli mne v otvet chasy probyut)
- Duet (Дуэт): О да миновали страданья (O da minovali stradanya)
Scene 7: At the gaming house
No. 22
- Chorus (Хор): Будем пить и веселиться! (Budem pit i veselitsya!)
- Scene (Сцена): Дана! Гну пароли! (Dana, Gnu paroli!)
No. 23
- Tomsky’s Song (Песня Томского): Есль б милые девицы (Esli by milye devitsy)
- Gamblers’ Chorus (Хор игроков): Так в ненастные дни собирались они часто (Tak v nenastnye dni sobiralis oni chasto)
No. 24
- Closing Scene (Заключительная сцена): За дело, господа, за карты! (Za delo, gospoda, za karty!)
- Herman’s Aria (Ария Германа): Что наша жизнь? Игра! (Chto nasha zhizn? Igra!)
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