106. Thésée (Lully)

  • Tragédie lyrique in a prologue and 5 acts
  • Composer: Jean-Baptiste Lully
  • Libretto: Philippe Quinault
  • First performed: Académie royale de musique, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, before Louis XIV, 3 February 1675; then at the Opéra (1re salle du Palais-Royal), April 1675, conducted by the composer

Prologue        

VÉNUSSopranoBeaucreux
CÉRÈSSopranoDe La Borde
BACCHUSHaute-contreLa Grille
MARSBassGodonesche
BELLONEMuteDauphin
Choruses: Les Amours, les Grâces, les Plaisirs, les Jeux, Moissonneuses, Sylvains & Bacchantes  

Tragédie

ÆGLÉ, princess raised under Égée’s tutelageSopranoMarie-Madeleine Brigogne
CLÉONE, her confdidanteSopranoMarie Aubry
MÉDÉE, sorceress princessSopranoSaint-Christophe
DORINE, her confidanteSopranoBeaucreux
MINERVESopranoDes Fronteaux
LA GRANDE PRÊTRESSE DE MINERVE [High Priestess of Minerva]SopranoMarie Verdier
THÉSÉE, unknown son of ÉgéeTailleBernard Clédière
ÉGÉE: king of AthensBaritoneJean Gaye
ARCAS, his confidantBassAntoine Morel
Le Fantôme-volant; la Rage; le Désespoir; 4 Spectres volants; Chœur de Combattants; Troupe & populace d’Athènes; Lutins; Habitants des Enfers; les Furies; Habitants heureux de l’Isle enchantée; Divinités qui accompagnent Minerve; Troupe des plus considérables courtisans du Roy d’Athènes; Troupe d’Esclaves    

Rating: 4 out of 5.

Thésée was one of Lully’s most enduring successes.  First performed before Louis XIV in 1675, it remained in the repertoire of the Académie royale de musique until 1767, and was remounted in 1779.

While the opera is named after the slayer of the Minotaur, it really belongs to Médée (Medea); the first of the “bad” ladies in French opera, she is both enchantress and jealous rival.

“Le destin de Médée est d’estre criminelle, mais son cœur estoit fait pour aimer la vertu…  J’ay remply l’univers d’horreur, mais le cruel amour a fait seul tous mes crimes,” she declares.

After murdering her children in Corinth, she fled to the court of Égée (Ægeus) of Athens.  The king wants to marry his ward, the princess Æglé; Médée wants to marry Thésée; and Thésée and Æglé want to marry each other.  Thésée is (unbeknownst to his father) the son of Égée.

Médée tries to separate the lovers, and, when that fails, to make the king murder his son. She transports characters to deserts and enchanted islands; summons monsters and infernal spirits; and makes her escape in a chariot drawn by dragons, cackling.

From Médée stretches French opera’s long line of sorceresses, some good, some evil, from Armide as late as Massenet‘s Esclarmonde.

Félix Clément thought the opera one of the best of the period for both dramatic interest and music; nevertheless, the libretto was far from Quinault’s best: events move too hurriedly, and Médée’s enchantments are puerile.

Laurencie thought Thésée marked the end of Lully’s first period.  The failure of Alceste made him careful about mixing genres; burlesque episodes disappeared, and the comedy was refined.  If the recitative remains stiff and does not connect well with the melodic frame, the piece is really dramatic in parts.  All the role of Médée is conceived in a somber note, with a deep and penetrating pathos.


The opera is martial in tone, beginning with the attractive Prologue which refers to the war in Holland (1672–78), and hails Louis XIV as a new Mars.

The first act opens in war; Thésée, abandoned by his father as a baby in Troezen, returns to quell a rebellion.  There is an impressive off-stage chorus of rebels; the victors carry the standards and corpses of their fallen foes; and the score bristles with trumpets.  “Lully never painted a more majestic fresco of orchestra and choir,” Laurencie thought.

The act – magnificent, despite a long scene between the minor characters of Cléone and Arcas (cut in the 18th century) – ends with a noble chorus of priestesses that anticipates the temple scene of Rameau’s Hippolyte et Aricie, or even Gluck.

Médée dominates Act II, which opens with her tender aria “Doux repos, innocent paix,” and ends with her jealous “Depit mortel, transport jaloux”; Clément said it was like a breath of Corneille and Gluck.  In between is a magnificent march and chorus celebrating Thésée’s victory (the Entrée triomphale), cleverly parodied with the late arrival of two elderly Athenians.

The jealous Médée transports Æglé and the servants to a desert full of monsters in Act III, and summons spirits from hell to torment them.  These provide some stage spectacle, but the musical highlight is a little trio for the attendants.

Médée tries to make Æglé give up Thésée and marry the king in Act IV; moved by their love, she apparently relents, and transports them to an enchanted island.  The act ends with a pastoral divertissement, which has a really pretty duet for shepherds, accompanied by oboes and musettes.

Her change of heart is only a sham, however, as her aria “Ah! faut-il me venger” reveals.  She persuades Ægée to poison Thésée – but the king recognizes his son by his sword, hails him as his heir, and gladly yields Æglé’s hand.  Médée returns in a chariot drawn by dragons to interrupt the wedding feast; she turns the food into horrible animals that chase the guests, and sets the palace ablaze.

A dea ex machina solves all: Minerva appears in all her glory, surrounded by a cloud of deities, and raises a magnificent palace – based on Versailles.  “Un roy digne de l’être est le don le plus grand des cieux,” the chorus sing.


Further reading

  • Félix Clément, Dictionnaire des opéras, 1869
  • Lionel de la Laurencie, Les maîtres de la musique: Lully, 2nd edition, Paris: Librairie Félix Alcan, 1919 (2nd edition)

NUMBERS

  • Ouverture

PROLOGUE

  • Chœur d’Amours, de Graces, de Plaisirs et de Jeux
  • Air de Vénus : Revenez, revenez, amours, revenez
  • Air de Mars : Que rien ne trouble icy
  • Duo de Venus et de Mars : Qu’il passe au gré de ses désirs
  • Chœur
  • Premier Air à danser
  • Air de Cérès : Trop heureux qui moissonne
  • Second Air à danser
  • Air de Bacchus : Pour les plus fortunés

ACT I

  • Chœur de Combattants
  • Duo d’Æglé et d Cléone : Il n’est rien de si beau
  • Air d’Égée : Faites grâce à mon âge
  • Le Sacrifice
  • Chœur de Prêtresses
  • Entrée des Sacrificateurs et des Combattants
  • Entrée des Combattants (ballet)
  • Chœur

ACT II

  • Air de Médée : Doux repos, innocente paix
  • Air de Dorine : Le dépit veut que l’on s’engage
  • Duo de Médée et d’Égée : Heureux, deux amants
  • Premier air pour l’entrée triomphale de Thésée, et Chœur
  • Second air
  • Duo des deux Vieillards athéniens : Pour le peu de bon temps
  • Chœur
  • Air de Médée : Dépit mortel, transport jaloux

ACT III

  • Air de Cléone : On n’est pas inconstant
  • Duo de Médée et de Cléone : La gloire n’est que trop pressante
  • Air d’Arcas : Lorsque, par le feu du bel âge
  • Trio : Il n’est point de grandeur
  • Air d’Æglé : J’avais toujours bravé l’amour
  • Air de Médée : Sortez, ombres, sortez
  • Chœur des Ombres

ACT IV

  • Air à danser
  • Duo des Bergères : Que nos prairies
  • Air et Chœur : Quel plaisir d’aymer

ACT V

  • Air de Médée : Ah ! faut-il me venger ?
  • Chœur : Ne craignez rien, parfaits amants
  • Air d’Égée : Que l’hymen prépare
  • Duo d’Æglé et de Thésée : Les plus belles chaînes
  • Chœur : Secourez-nous, justes Dieux
  • Prélude
  • Gand Chœur final

3 thoughts on “106. Thésée (Lully)

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